{"id":6042,"date":"2025-03-20T17:10:36","date_gmt":"2025-03-20T16:10:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.1001fontaines.com\/?p=6042"},"modified":"2025-08-13T20:25:01","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T18:25:01","slug":"et-si-la-baisse-de-laide-internationale-favorisait-les-initiatives-hors-reseau-pour-lacces-a-leau-potable","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.1001fontaines.org.uk\/fr\/2025\/03\/20\/et-si-la-baisse-de-laide-internationale-favorisait-les-initiatives-hors-reseau-pour-lacces-a-leau-potable\/","title":{"rendered":"Baisse de l\u2019aide internationale : opportunit\u00e9s pour l\u2019eau hors r\u00e9seau"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Et si la baisse de l\u2019aide internationale favorisait les initiatives hors r\u00e9seau pour l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019eau potable ?\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Tribune co-\u00e9crite par Dr Ranjiv Khush \u2013 Co-fondateur d\u2019Aquaya et Amandine Muret, Directrice du D\u00e9<\/em>veloppement de 1001fontaines<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Le d\u00e9mant\u00e8lement de l\u2019USAID marque un tournant, offrant une opportunit\u00e9 de briser l\u2019inertie du secteur de l\u2019eau <\/b><\/h4>\n

Le d\u00e9mant\u00e8lement de l\u2019USAID peut sembler radical, mais il refl\u00e8te une tendance plus large : les pays \u00e0 hauts revenus recentrent leur attention sur leurs propres priorit\u00e9s et adoptent une approche plus transactionnelle de l\u2019engagement mondial. Des pays comme le Canada, l\u2019Australie et le Royaume-Uni ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 restructur\u00e9 leurs agences d\u2019aide bilat\u00e9rale, et les niveaux d\u2019aide internationale sont en baisse.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pour les pays \u00e0 faibles revenus, ces \u00e9volutions repr\u00e9sentent \u00e0 la fois des d\u00e9fis et des opportunit\u00e9s. Dans le secteur de l\u2019eau, les aides ext\u00e9rieures diminuent, alors qu\u2019un d\u00e9ficit annuel de financement de 140 milliards de dollars persiste (Banque mondiale, 2024), rendant le r\u00eave d\u2019une couverture universelle en eau courante de plus en plus inaccessible. Cependant, ce constat pourrait bien \u00eatre un catalyseur n\u00e9cessaire pour d\u00e9passer les paradigmes obsol\u00e8tes qui ont syst\u00e9matiquement \u00e9chou\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pourquoi les mod\u00e8les traditionnels d\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019eau ont \u00e9chou\u00e9<\/b><\/h4>\n

Pendant des d\u00e9cennies, tous les efforts ont \u00e9t\u00e9 centr\u00e9s sur la concr\u00e9tisation d\u2019un mod\u00e8le id\u00e9al : \u201cun robinet d\u2019eau par foyer\u201d, une approche inspir\u00e9e des pays riches. Ce mod\u00e8le sous-tend que les infrastructures centralis\u00e9es de distribution d\u2019eau sont la voie royale vers un acc\u00e8s universel \u00e0 l\u2019eau potable. Pourtant, malgr\u00e9 des d\u00e9cennies d\u2019investissements dans ce secteur, des recherches r\u00e9centes estiment que plus de quatre milliards de personnes n\u2019ont toujours pas acc\u00e8s \u00e0 une eau potable g\u00e9r\u00e9e en toute s\u00e9curit\u00e9 (Science, 2024), soit un chiffre deux fois plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 que les estimations pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes.<\/span><\/p>\n

En effet, dans de nombreux pays \u00e0 revenus faibles et interm\u00e9diaires, les services publics de distribution d\u2019eau rencontrent de grandes difficult\u00e9s. L\u2019expansion des infrastructures est co\u00fbteuse et lente, tandis que la gouvernance et les comp\u00e9tences techniques restent peu d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es, et la qualit\u00e9 du service encore tr\u00e8s in\u00e9gale. Par cons\u00e9quent, les communaut\u00e9s rurales restent largement mal desservies, tandis que l\u2019urbanisation rapide exerce une pression consid\u00e9rable sur les syst\u00e8mes d\u2019eau existants.<\/span><\/p>\n

Des fournisseurs d\u2019eau hors r\u00e9seau comblent d\u00e9j\u00e0 le vide<\/b><\/h4>\n

Depuis le d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2000, une transformation discr\u00e8te modifie l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019eau potable dans ces pays (Aquaya, 2009), et ce, sans \u00eatre port\u00e9e par l\u2019aide internationale. Localement, des initiatives priv\u00e9es de traitement et de vente d\u2019eau se cr\u00e9ent pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande des populations en eau potable. Ces entrepreneurs exploitent des technologies de traitement de plus en plus sophistiqu\u00e9es pour vendre de l\u2019eau purifi\u00e9e, en vrac ou conditionn\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne prend encore plus d\u2019ampleur en raison des mauvaises performances des services publics et de l\u2019\u00e9volution des attentes des consommateurs. En Asie et en Am\u00e9rique latine, l\u2019eau embouteill\u00e9e est ainsi devenue la principale source d\u2019eau potable, m\u00eame pour les familles \u00e0 faible revenu. Dans certaines r\u00e9gions d\u2019Afrique, l\u2019eau en sachet, des poches jetables, vendue \u00e0 un prix abordable, est devenue une solution r\u00e9pandue, permettant \u00e0 des millions de personnes d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 une eau propre \u00e0 la consommation.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bien que ces nouvelles solutions r\u00e9pondent \u00e0 un besoin urgent de sant\u00e9 publique, elles soul\u00e8vent \u00e9galement de nouvelles pr\u00e9occupations. Ces fournisseurs d\u2019eau, souvent petits et fragment\u00e9s, fonctionnent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement avec un contr\u00f4le limit\u00e9, soulevant ainsi des questions sur la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau, l\u2019accessibilit\u00e9 du prix pour les populations les plus vuln\u00e9rables, ainsi que sur l\u2019impact environnemental de ces mod\u00e8les.<\/span><\/p>\n

Un changement strat\u00e9gique et \u00e9conomiquement viable ?<\/b><\/h4>\n

Dans de nombreux contextes, soutenir et encadrer ces acteurs pourrait s\u2019av\u00e9rer une approche plus rentable pour am\u00e9liorer l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019eau potable que d\u2019investir uniquement dans les infrastructures traditionnelles. En effet, la croissance de ces initiatives entrepreneuriales, la propension des consommateurs \u00e0 payer, ainsi que les faibles exigences en capital et en expertise technique de ces solutions par rapport aux infrastructures centralis\u00e9es, sugg\u00e8rent que ce mod\u00e8le alternatif serait un compl\u00e9ment solide aux services d\u2019eau courante existants (1001fontaines).<\/span><\/p>\n

Une strat\u00e9gie pragmatique consisterait par exemple \u00e0 instaurer des normes de qualit\u00e9 et des r\u00e9glementations adapt\u00e9es pour garantir la sant\u00e9 publique. Il s\u2019agirait \u00e9galement d\u2019allouer une petite partie des investissements du secteur de l\u2019eau au d\u00e9veloppement des capacit\u00e9s de traitement d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es afin de rendre l\u2019eau fournie par ces services plus abordable pour les populations d\u00e9munies. Plut\u00f4t que de consid\u00e9rer ces petits fournisseurs d\u2019eau comme des concurrents des services publics, les gouvernements pourraient s\u2019appuyer sur leurs initiatives pour am\u00e9liorer les services existants. Un exemple convaincant de cette int\u00e9gration est le r\u00e9cent lancement, \u00e0 Mexico, d\u2019un service municipal de distribution d\u2019eau conditionn\u00e9e en bonbonnes r\u00e9utilisables de 19 litres, destin\u00e9 aux communaut\u00e9s non connect\u00e9es au r\u00e9seau de distribution de la ville.<\/span><\/p>\n

Un nouveau mod\u00e8le souhaitable <\/b><\/h4>\n

Cet exemple mexicain illustre le potentiel des nouveaux partenariats public-priv\u00e9, susceptibles de se d\u00e9velopper dans le paysage en mutation du d\u00e9veloppement international. Alors que l\u2019aide internationale s\u2019amenuise, les solutions locales, concr\u00e8tes, adaptables et en phase avec les besoins des populations, doivent occuper le devant de la sc\u00e8ne. Si les gouvernements mettent en place des politiques pertinentes garantissant qualit\u00e9, accessibilit\u00e9 et durabilit\u00e9 environnementale, et si les acteurs du d\u00e9veloppement soutiennent la structuration de ces march\u00e9s, alors ces nouveaux mod\u00e8les pourraient acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer l\u2019acc\u00e8s universel \u00e0 l\u2019eau potable bien plus efficacement que les infrastructures classiques.<\/span><\/p>\n

Avec plus de quatre milliards de personnes toujours priv\u00e9es d\u2019un acc\u00e8s garanti \u00e0 l\u2019eau potable, il est plus urgent que jamais de repenser nos strat\u00e9gies d\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019eau.<\/span><\/p>\n

Auteurs :<\/h4>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Dr. Ranjiv Khush<\/strong><\/p>

Co-fondateur d\u2019Aquaya ; Ph.D., UC Santa Cruz ; ancien chercheur \u00e0 Stanford et au CNRS Paris.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Amandine Muret<\/strong><\/p>

Directrice du d\u00e9veloppement chez 1001fontaines ; promotrice des mod\u00e8les de distribution en bonbonnes de 20 litres pour l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019eau potable.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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In 2024, 1001fontaines expanded its efforts to Bangladesh, a country facing severe challenges in access to drinking water, particularly in the southwestern region, where arsenic contamination and increased salinity of water sources endanger the health of rural communities. To address this, 1001fontaines partnered with the local NGO Uttaran to launch a pilot project aimed at jointly building a sustainable model for access to safe drinking water in this area.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6042","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news","category-5","description-off"],"yoast_head":"\nBaisse de l\u2019aide internationale : opportunit\u00e9s pour l\u2019eau hors r\u00e9seau - 1001fontaines<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"D\u00e9couvrez comment la baisse de l\u2019aide internationale favorise les initiatives locales d\u2019eau potable hors r\u00e9seau, durables et accessibles.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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